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Fig. 1 | Translational Neurodegeneration

Fig. 1

From: Nicotine from cigarette smoking and diet and Parkinson disease: a review

Fig. 1

Parkinson disease risk associated with each additional serving of edible Solanaceaea and other vegetables [86]. a Among never-used-tobacco participants (241 PD cases and 239 controls) in a case-control study in western Washington State.b All assessed edible Solanaceae: green, yellow or red peppers, tomatoes, tomato juice, and baked or mashed potatoes. e Relative risk (odds ratio) and 95% confidence interval, per once daily increase in typical adult life frequency of consumption, adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race/ethnicity, consumption of other vegetables (continuous) and caffeine (mg, continuous); and adjustment for or stratification by tobacco use (ever vs. never >100 cigarettes or regularly used cigars, pipes or smokeless tobacco). d All assessed non-Solanaceae vegetables combined: broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, radishes, lettuce, spinach/other greens, carrots, peas/lima beans, corn, sweet potatoes/yams, cucumbers, zucchini, yellow/winter squash and onions/scallions. c Median dry-weight nicotine concentration in each Solanaceae as typically consumed (e.g. ripe tomatoes and cooked potatoes) [116]

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