Table 2 Cognitive activity effects of enriched environment in animal models
From: The role of cognitive activity in cognition protection: from Bedside to Bench
References | Animal models | Age (weeks) | EE Duration (weeks) | Behavior effects | Morphological effects | Molecular effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kempermannet et al., 2002 [149] | wild type, C57BL | 40 | 40 | Behavioral performance↑ | Hippocampal neurogenesis↑ |  |
Veyrac et al., 2008 [157] | wild type, C57BL | 8 - 12 | 7 | Short-term olfactory memory ↑ | Neurogenesis↑ | Noradrenalin levels↑ |
Frick KM et al., 2003 [113] | wild type, C57BL | 12, 104- 108 | 3 | spatial learning task in water maze task ↑ |  | synaptophysin levels↑ |
Polito L et al., 2014 [128] | APP23, C57BL | 12 | 20, 60 | behavioral performance in Water Maze and visual novel Object Recognition Test ↑ | Aβ 40/42, pGlu-Aβ 3-40/3-42, or Aβ oligomer level→ | BDNF expression↑, sirtuin mRNA and protein levels→ |
Jeong et al., 2011 [126] | APP, C57BL | 12 | 12 or 24 | Cognitive performance↑ | Hippocampal neurogensis↑, P-tau at AT8 and AT180 sites ↓, Aβ plaque and levels ↓ |  |
Valero et al., 2011 [154] | APP, C57BL | 12 | 7 | Learning and memory↑ | neurogenesis ↑, the number of DCX-positive cells↑ |  |
Wolf et al., 2006 [151] | APP23, C57BL | 10 | 34 | Water maze performance↑ | Hippocampal neurogensis↑, Aβ plaque ↓ | NT-3, BDNF levels↑ |
Costa et al., 2007 [152] | PDGF-hAPP, C57BL | 3 | 18-22 | performance of multiple behavioral tasks and memory ↑ | Total Aβ and amyloid plaque levels↓ | Hippocampal gene expression changed |
Jankowsky JL et al.,2005 [119] | APP/PS1, C57BL | 8 | 24 | Cognitive function↑ | Hippocampal Aβ levels ↑ |  |
Berardi et al., 2007 [123] | AD11, C57BL | 8 | 20 | Spatial and visual recognition memory ↑ | Aβ burdens↓ | Cholinergic deficits↓ |
Dong et al., 2007 [153] | PS1/2 CKO, B6CBA | 4 | 20 | memory performance↑ | less enlargement of the lateral ventricles ↑ | inflammation-related genes↓ |
Varman et al., 2013 [174] | Mus booduga | 12 | 4 | anxiety-like behavior↓ | miR-183 expression↑ | acetylcholinesterase level in amygdala of mice ↓ |
Durairaj et al., 2014 [175] | Mus booduga | 12 | 4 | anxiety-like behavioral↓ | Hippocampal neurogenesis↑ | Dicer, Ago-2 and microRNA-124a expression↑ |