Table 1 The biomarkers of immune dysregulation and inflammation response in PD

Immunological genes

PSMB9-rs17587, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1*0404, HLA-DRB1*0301, HLA-C*0304, HLA-DQB1, etc.

PD related genes

PARK1, PARK2, PINK1, DJ-1, ATP13a2, GBA, RAB7L1-NUCKS1, STK39, BST1, FAM47E-SCARB2, SNCA, HLA, GPNMB, FGF20, LRRK2, GCH1, MAPT, SREBF1, DDRGK1, NURR1, etc.

Proteins in CSF

a-synuclein, Aβ42, Tau, Nurr1, etc.

Inflammation factors

TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IFN-γ, etc.

Antibodies

ICAM4, PTCD2, FRMD8, CTLA-4/Fc, MYOT, HSH2D, FN1, TRIM21, Elongation factor 1-alpha 1, PABPC3, etc.

Blood lymphocytes

CD³⁺, CD⁴⁺, CD⁸⁺, CD³¹⁺ α4β⁷⁺ CD⁴⁺, CD95/CD3, NK cells, etc.

PD related miRNAs

miR-7, miR-153, miR-155, miR-125, miR-101, miR-146, miR-21, miR-124, miR-141, miR-214, miR-146b-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-200a-3p, miR-542-5p, miR-342-5p, etc.