Table 4 Comparison between previous studies and present study
| Study population | Sample Size | Screen instruments | Frequency of compulsive behaviors | Risk factors |
Dosage of drugs (ICD vs non ICD mg/d, mean) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taiwan | 268 |
DSM-IV-TR criteria for PG and BE, McElroy’s criteria for CS Voon’s criteria (2006) for HS |
ICD 4.48 % PG 1.49 %, HS 2.99 % CS 0 %, BE 0.37 % |
Dopamine agonist TLED Male gender | TLED (ICD group): 741.94 DA-LED (ICD group): 105 | 4 |
| Brazil | 152 | QUIP |
QUIP results: ICD 18.4 % PG 1.3 %, HS 11.8 % CS 10.5 %, BE 7.9 % |
Smoking Use of pramipexole |
TLED: 732.8 vs 644.4 Pramipexole: 2.9 vs 0.85 (equivalent to 290 vs 85) | 5 |
| North America | 3090 |
Massachusetts Gambling Screen MIDI DSM-IV-TR |
ICD 13.6 % PG 5 %, HS 3.5 % CS 5.7 %, BE 4.3 % |
DA combination of DA & Levodopa younger age, male sex current smoking being unmarried living in the United States family history of gambling |
DA-LED: 200 ~ 450 vs 150 ~ 400 (listed as interquartile in patients taking DA) Levodopa: 621 vs 461 (in patients taking levodopa only) | 6 |
| Finland | 575 |
SOGS QUIP |
QUIP results: ICD 34.8 % PG 8.8 %, HS 22.8 % CS 10.1 %, BE 11.8 % |
Depression, Male sex Younger age Age of disease onset Current alcohol use | NA | 7 |
| Italy | 805 |
QUIP for screen Other criteria for confirmation |
ICD 8.1 % PG 3.2 %, HS 3.0 % CS 1.0 %, BE 2.4 % |
dopamine agonist Male sex, levodopa younger age, Amantadine | NA | 8 |
| Japan | 118 |
QUIP for screen Other criteria for confirmation |
QUIP results vs Actual prevalence ICD 28 % vs 12.9 % PG 14 % vs 6.5 % HS 14 % vs 3.2 % CS 10.8 % vs 3.2 % BE 10.8 % vs 3.2 % |
younger age longer disease duration TLEDD, Levodopa Earlier age of onset |
ICB vs non-ICB Levodopa: 676 vs 520 DA-LED: 139 vs 71.6 | 9 |
| China | 312 |
SOGS, DSM-IV Lejoyeux’s Compulsive Shopping questionnaire; specially designed hypersexuality questionnaire; |
ICD 3.53 % PG 0.32 %, HS 1.92 % CS 0.32 %, BE 0.32 % |
Dopamine agonist Alcohol use |
Levodopa: 345.5 vs 357.01 DA-LED: 142.37 vs 35.45 | 10 |
| South Korea | 1167 | MIDI |
ICD 5.9 % PG 1.3 %, HS 2.8 % CS 2.5 %, BE 3.4 % |
Dopamine agonist Levodopa |
Levodopa: 656 vs 544 DA-LED: 145 vs 99 | 11 |
| Malaysian | 200 | QUIP |
QUIP results based on patient report ICD 15.4 % PG 2.6 %, HS 8.2 % CS 3.6 %, BE 8.7 % |
Male gender Longer PD duration |
PD patients: TLED: 527.7 DA-LED: 73.7 | 12 |
| Present study | 217 |
MIDI Voon’s criteria (2007) for each ICD |
ICD 4.15 % PG 1.38 %, HS 1.84 % CS 0.46 %, BE 0.46 % | None |
Levodopa: 791.67 vs 425.0 DA-LED: 119.4 vs 60.5 | -- |