Table 4 Comparison between previous studies and present study
Study population | Sample Size | Screen instruments | Frequency of compulsive behaviors | Risk factors | Dosage of drugs (ICD vs non ICD mg/d, mean) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taiwan | 268 | DSM-IV-TR criteria for PG and BE, McElroy’s criteria for CS Voon’s criteria (2006) for HS | ICD 4.48 % PG 1.49 %, HS 2.99 % CS 0 %, BE 0.37 % | Dopamine agonist TLED Male gender | TLED (ICD group): 741.94 DA-LED (ICD group): 105 | 4 |
Brazil | 152 | QUIP | QUIP results: ICD 18.4 % PG 1.3 %, HS 11.8 % CS 10.5 %, BE 7.9 % | Smoking Use of pramipexole | TLED: 732.8 vs 644.4 Pramipexole: 2.9 vs 0.85 (equivalent to 290 vs 85) | 5 |
North America | 3090 | Massachusetts Gambling Screen MIDI DSM-IV-TR | ICD 13.6 % PG 5 %, HS 3.5 % CS 5.7 %, BE 4.3 % | DA combination of DA & Levodopa younger age, male sex current smoking being unmarried living in the United States family history of gambling | DA-LED: 200 ~ 450 vs 150 ~ 400 (listed as interquartile in patients taking DA) Levodopa: 621 vs 461 (in patients taking levodopa only) | 6 |
Finland | 575 | SOGS QUIP | QUIP results: ICD 34.8 % PG 8.8 %, HS 22.8 % CS 10.1 %, BE 11.8 % | Depression, Male sex Younger age Age of disease onset Current alcohol use | NA | 7 |
Italy | 805 | QUIP for screen Other criteria for confirmation | ICD 8.1 % PG 3.2 %, HS 3.0 % CS 1.0 %, BE 2.4 % | dopamine agonist Male sex, levodopa younger age, Amantadine | NA | 8 |
Japan | 118 | QUIP for screen Other criteria for confirmation | QUIP results vs Actual prevalence ICD 28 % vs 12.9 % PG 14 % vs 6.5 % HS 14 % vs 3.2 % CS 10.8 % vs 3.2 % BE 10.8 % vs 3.2 % | younger age longer disease duration TLEDD, Levodopa Earlier age of onset | ICB vs non-ICB Levodopa: 676 vs 520 DA-LED: 139 vs 71.6 | 9 |
China | 312 | SOGS, DSM-IV Lejoyeux’s Compulsive Shopping questionnaire; specially designed hypersexuality questionnaire; | ICD 3.53 % PG 0.32 %, HS 1.92 % CS 0.32 %, BE 0.32 % | Dopamine agonist Alcohol use | Levodopa: 345.5 vs 357.01 DA-LED: 142.37 vs 35.45 | 10 |
South Korea | 1167 | MIDI | ICD 5.9 % PG 1.3 %, HS 2.8 % CS 2.5 %, BE 3.4 % | Dopamine agonist Levodopa | Levodopa: 656 vs 544 DA-LED: 145 vs 99 | 11 |
Malaysian | 200 | QUIP | QUIP results based on patient report ICD 15.4 % PG 2.6 %, HS 8.2 % CS 3.6 %, BE 8.7 % | Male gender Longer PD duration | PD patients: TLED: 527.7 DA-LED: 73.7 | 12 |
Present study | 217 | MIDI Voon’s criteria (2007) for each ICD | ICD 4.15 % PG 1.38 %, HS 1.84 % CS 0.46 %, BE 0.46 % | None | Levodopa: 791.67 vs 425.0 DA-LED: 119.4 vs 60.5 | -- |