From: The associations between Parkinson’s disease and cancer: the plot thickens
Gene/Protein | Biological functions | Association with Cancers | Roles in neurodegeneration |
---|---|---|---|
TP53/p53 | transcriptional factor, regulates DNA repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis [115] | tumor suppressor [232] | acts as protective factor by interacting with PD or AD related proteins via cell cycle and apoptosis signaling [122] |
ATM/ATM | serine/threonine protein kinase; regulates DNA repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis [108, 233] | tumor suppressor; mutations increase the risk of breast, stomach, bladder, pancreas, lung, lymphoid and ovarian cancers [110, 234, 235] | mutations lead to AT, inactivation causes cerebellar degeneration [104] |
PTEN/PTEN | protein tyrosine phosphatase [123]; apoptosis regulation, migration, and adhesion, angiogenesis [129] | tumor suppressor [129]; mutations cause PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome and increase the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer and endometrial cancer [124, 127, 132] | promotes axon regeneration [136]; regulates PINK1 and mTOR pathway [136] |
MC1R/MC1R | main pigmentation gene [148] | loss-of-function variants associated with melanoma [148, 236] |