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Table 1 Candidate-tissue and biofluid-based biomarkers for ALS

From: New developments and future opportunities in biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

 

Evaluated biomarkers

Meaning/function

CSF

MMP-2, MMP-9

Markers of BBB dysfunction

 

NfL, pNFH/C3, p-tau

Neuroaxonal degeneration markers

 

cystatin C, TDP-43

Markers of the neuroprotection

 

IL-6, IL-8, complement factors C3 and C4, prostaglandin E2, neopterin, peroxynitrite, G-CSF, MCP-1

Markers of inflammation and immune activation

S100b, EPO

Glial activation markers

Blood

Creatinine, albumin, ferritin

 

Muscle

Nogo-A, smads

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