Table 1 Spectrum of environmental stimuli and their effects on neurodegeneration
From: Role of early life exposure and environment on neurodegeneration: implications on brain disorders
S. no. | Exposure | Subject/animals | Period of exposure | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Ethanol | Mice | Postnatal day 3-20 | Decreased number of neurons in Retinal ganglion cell layer and dorsalateral geniculate | [79] |
2. | Microwave irradiation | Mice | Prenatal + 4 months postnatal | Complete degeneration of RPE, nuclear pyknosis in photoreceptors, thinness of all layers | [80] |
3. | Fried potato chips | Rats | Gestational day 6-postpartum day14 | Vacuolization and apoptosis in GCL, swollen choriocapillaries, alteration in cellular organelles | [81] |
4. | Lead (Pb) | Mice | Lactation period | Altered mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial phosphorylation dysfunction | [82] |
5. | Rotenone | Rats | Postnatal | Thinness of GCL, disruption of mitochondrial complex I, photoreceptor loss | [83] |
6. | Cycus plant | Â | Postnatal | ALS and PD | [84] |
7. | Pesticide contaminated drinking water | Human | Postnatal | Inhibitory effect on antioxidant enzyme systems, mitochondrial and proteosome function (PD) | [85] |
8. | 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine | Mice | Gestational day 8-12 and postnatal | Apoptosis of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons enhancing toPD risk | [86] |
9. | Methamphetamine | Mice | Postnatal day 11-21 | Altered level of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus | [87] |
10. | Cypermethrin | Rats | Postnatal day 5-19 | Dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) level in brain altered | [88] |
11. | Aluminium | Mice | Pregnancy day 1-15 | Neurotoxicity by affecting dopaminergic system | [89] |
12. | Tobacco inhalation | Mice | Gestational day 6-17 | Altered gene expression profile affecting morphology and function of hippocampus | [90] |