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Table 1 Known genetic mutations in PD

From: Considerations on the role of environmental toxins in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology

Locus

Chromosome’Location

Gene

Inheritance

Typical pheno-type

Reference

PARK1 & PARK4

4q21-q23

α-synuclein

AD

Earlier onset, features of DLB’common

[72, 73]

PARK2

6q25.2-q27

parkin

usually AR

Earlier onset with slow progression

[74]

PARK3

2p13

unknown

AD, IP

Classic PD,’sometimes de-mentia

[4]

PARK5

4p14

UCH-L1

AD

Classic PD

[75]

PARK6

1p35-p36

PINK1

AR

Earlier onset with’slow progression

[76]

PARK7

1p36

DJ-1

AR

Earlier onset with’slow progression

[67]

PARK8

12p11.2-q13.1

LRRK2

AD

Classic PD

[77]

PARK10

1p32

unknown

Unclear

Classic PD

[78]

PARK11

2q36-q37

unknown

Unclear

Classic PD

[79]

NA

5q23.1-q23.3

Synphilin1

Unclear

Classic PD

[80]

NA

2q22-q23

NR4A2

Unclear

Classic PD

[81]

  1. Abbreviations: NA not assigned, AD autosomic dominant, AR autosomic recesive, IP incomplete penetrante, DLB Lewy Bodies Demence. Modified from [84].