Table 2 Behavior of microglia in different conditions
From: The changing phenotype of microglia from homeostasis to disease
Conditions | Microglia function |
|---|---|
In steady state | |
Healthy resting state | Surveillance, homeostasis [85] Fixed cell and motile processes, minimal expression of cell surface markers and release of cytokines and chemokines, not involved in Phagocytosis |
In disease state | |
Neuroprotective | |
Axotomy of the optic nerve | Efficient clearance of myelin debris [41] |
Traumatic injury | Clear glutamate without evoking inflammatory mediators [44] |
Ischemia | Synthesis of tumor necrosis factor, engulfment of harmful invading neutrophil granulocytes [86] |
Alzheimer’s Disease | Internalize and degrade amyloid beta [87] |
Multiple sclerosis | Secrete soluble mediators that trigger neural repair and usually contribute to the creation of an environment conductive for regeneration [48] |
Neurotoxic | |
Parkinson’s disease | Releasing various kinds of noxious cytokines, reactive oxygen species [88] |
Multiple sclerosis | Express iNOS [89] and generate toxic ROS which might injure neurons |
Alzheimer’s disease | Produce of chemokines, neurotoxic cytokines and reactive oxygen an dnitrogen species that are deletrious to the CNS [90] |