Table 1 Factors that can activate microglia

Pathological conditions

hypoxia

Morigiwa et al., 2000 [51]

tumor

Bosco et al., 2011[52]

Ischemic insult

Hur et al., 2010 [53]

Nerve injury

Maeda et al., 2010 [54]

Proteins

α-synuclein

Lee et al., 2010; Su et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2005 [55–57]

amyloid-beta

Jana et al., 2008 [58]

fibrinogen

Piers et al., 2011 [59]

Thrombin

Lee et al., 2005 [60]

Tissue plasminogen activator

Siao et al., 2002 [61]

Matrix protein (vitronectin, fibronectin, MMP-3)

Milner et al., 2007; del Zoppo et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2005 [62–64]

Chemicals

Adenosine Triphosphate

Matsui et al., 2011 [65]

Toxins (MPTP, Rotenone, Paraquat)

Yasuda et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2005 [66–68]

Alchohol

McClain et al., 2011 [69]

Dopamine quinone

Kuhn et al., 2006 [70]

Berberine

Lu et al., 2010 [71]

lipopolysacchride

Jung et al., 2010; Meng et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2009 [72–74]

Cytokines

TNF-α

Iribarren et al., 2005 [75]

IL-6

Krady et al., 2008 [76]

IL-12

Tamakawa et al., 2004 [77]

IL-3

Natarajan et al., 2004 [78]

IFN-Υ

Rozenfeld et al., 2005; Hall et al., 1999 [79, 80]

Others

gangliosides

Kim et al., 2009; Min et al., 2004 [81, 82]

Kalic acid

Zheng et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2010 [83, 84]