Table 1 The unmet needs of Parkinson's disease therapeutics
From: Norepinephrine: the next therapeutics frontier for Parkinson's disease
• Progressive worsening of all clinical features | • Unpredictable immobility (freezing of gait, prolonged "off" states) |
|---|---|
• Inadequate tremor control | • Autonomic dysfunction (postural hypotension, constipation, dysphagia) |
• Balance impairment (particularly retropulsive imbalance) | • Sleep disturbance (fragmented sleep, rapid-eye-movement behavioral disorder) |
• Postural disturbance (forward flexion) | • Depression, fatigue, and apathy |
• Involuntary movements with dopaminergic therapy (dyskinesia, dystonia) | • Progressive cognitive decline (including impaired working memory and executive dysfunction even in the absence of dementia) |