Table 1 Dopaminergic degeneration induced by RAS dysregulation (AngII/AT1 axis overactivity)

Neuronal NADPH-oxidase overactivity (↑ Oxidative stress)

[17, 20, 22, 85, 87, 105, 127,128,129]

Decline in dopaminergic function

[99, 100, 102, 134,135,136,137,138]

Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction (↑ Oxidative stress)

[35, 38, 56,57,58, 127,128,129, 139]

Aging-related processes

[35, 56, 57, 89, 99, 140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149]

Neuronal calcium dysregulation

[15, 16, 121, 122, 132, 133]

Menopause

[150,151,152,153,154,155]

Increase in α-synuclein aggregation

[156]

Chronic brain hypoperfusion

[157,158,159]

Increase in α-synuclein transmission

[156]

RAS-related autoimmunity

[80, 81]

Upregulation of the microglial inflammatory response

[20, 22, 30, 78, 88, 89, 140, 160,161,162,163,164]

Metabolic syndrome

[81, 165]

Gastrointestinal processes

[91,92,93, 166,167,168,169]

Microbiota dysregulation

[170,171,172,173,174,175,176]