Table 1 Examples of tauopathies and synucleinopathies- clinical manifestation and pathological features

Synucleinopathy

Parkinson's disease  [25]

Non-motor symptoms, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia

α-syn/neurons/Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs)

Substantia nigra, basal ganglia

Lewy body dementia  [26, 27]

Visual hallucinations, cognitive decline, difficulty walking, rigidity

α-syn/neurons/LBs and LNs

Cortical and subcortical region

Multiple system atrophy  [28, 29]

Slowness of movement, stiffness, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic failure

α-syn/oligodendrocytes/GCIs

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, spinal cord

Pure autonomic failure [30]

Orthostatic hypotension, autonomic failure, RBD

α-syn/neurons/LBs and LNs

Autonomic nerves and ganglia, nigra, locus coeruleus

Primary tauopathy

Cortiobasal degeneration [31]

Apraxia, dystonia, lack of balance, stiffness, dementia

4R tau/glia and neurons/ballooned neurons, pretangles, coiled bodies

Cortex and basal ganglia

Pick's disease  [32]

Dementia with frontotemporal degeneration

3R tau/glia and neurons/Pick bodies, ballooned neurons

Cortex and hippocampus

Progressive supranuclear palsy  [33]

Ocular motor dysfunction, postural instability, akinesia, dementia

4R tau/glia and neurons/NFTs, globose tangles, tufted astrocytes, coiled bodies

Cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy [34, 35]

“Dementia pugilistica”

Headaches, dementia, abnormal gait, depression, related to TBI

3R/4R tau/neurons and glia/NFTs

Cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, depths of cerebral sulci

Primary age-related tauopathy [36]

“Tangle-only dementia”

3R/4R tau/neurons/NFTs

Cortex, brainstem, olfactory bulb

Secondary tauopathy

Alzheimer's disease  [37]

Dementia, with random motor deficits and personality changes

3R/4R tau/neurons/NFTs, plaques, neuropil threads

Hippocampus, limbic, entorhinal cortex, neocortex