Fig. 4

Meta-analysis on potential mechanisms. The transplantation of BMMSCs could alleviate neuropathology through diverse mechanisms, such as to decrease the number of hippocampal Aβ plaques as demonstrated in AD animal models (a). The Fig. 4a was plotted by relative ratio. The value in experimental group was assigned as 1 and the same as the following figures; to stimulate neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal integration (b); to promote angiogenesis in brain tissue as reflected by VEGF marker (c, d); to attenuate Aβ-induced apoptotic cell death in both primary hippocampal neurons and Aβ-injected animal models (e, f); immunomodulation and neuroprotection (g); to inhibit neuroinflammation in AD animal models (h)