From: New developments and future opportunities in biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
 | Evaluated biomarkers | Meaning/function |
---|---|---|
CSF | MMP-2, MMP-9 | Markers of BBB dysfunction |
 | NfL, pNFH/C3, p-tau | Neuroaxonal degeneration markers |
 | cystatin C, TDP-43 | Markers of the neuroprotection |
 | IL-6, IL-8, complement factors C3 and C4, prostaglandin E2, neopterin, peroxynitrite, G-CSF, MCP-1 | Markers of inflammation and immune activation |
S100b, EPO | Glial activation markers | |
Blood | Creatinine, albumin, ferritin | Â |
Muscle | Nogo-A, smads | Â |