From: The changing phenotype of microglia from homeostasis to disease
Substance that can activate microglia | Reference |
---|---|
Pathological conditions | |
hypoxia | Morigiwa et al., 2000 [51] |
tumor | Bosco et al., 2011[52] |
Ischemic insult | Hur et al., 2010 [53] |
Nerve injury | Maeda et al., 2010 [54] |
Proteins | |
α-synuclein | Lee et al., 2010; Su et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2005 [55–57] |
amyloid-beta | Jana et al., 2008 [58] |
fibrinogen | Piers et al., 2011 [59] |
Thrombin | Lee et al., 2005 [60] |
Tissue plasminogen activator | Siao et al., 2002 [61] |
Matrix protein (vitronectin, fibronectin, MMP-3) | Milner et al., 2007; del Zoppo et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2005 [62–64] |
Chemicals | |
Adenosine Triphosphate | Matsui et al., 2011 [65] |
Toxins (MPTP, Rotenone, Paraquat) | Yasuda et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2005 [66–68] |
Alchohol | McClain et al., 2011 [69] |
Dopamine quinone | Kuhn et al., 2006 [70] |
Berberine | Lu et al., 2010 [71] |
lipopolysacchride | Jung et al., 2010; Meng et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2009 [72–74] |
Cytokines | |
TNF-α | Iribarren et al., 2005 [75] |
IL-6 | Krady et al., 2008 [76] |
IL-12 | Tamakawa et al., 2004 [77] |
IL-3 | Natarajan et al., 2004 [78] |
IFN-Υ | |
Others | |
gangliosides | |
Kalic acid |